features of electronic devices

04 dez features of electronic devices

The magnetron was the first device that could efficiently produce microwaves. No matter what electronic device or equipment you select, first say what it is and what you use it for. A piston was then pressed into the runner, transferring the molten plastic through the gate into the cavity above the semiconductor device assembly. This means that the battery voltage must be regulated (converted) before powering the above components. Electronics has an all-important role in a country’s development process today. Electronics and the science of electricity both deal with electric current. High-tech areas today depend heavily on electronics. Register to get answer. 1. The microelectronic chip was electrically connected to the side lead posts via wire bonding. Other high performance plastics, such as polyetherimide and polyaryletherketone, are also being electroless plated to prevent RFI/EMI problems and Crotty108 has described a process for coating these materials. Automation systems can help save energy by turning off electronic devices automatically, and some do this better than others. Electronic companies began work on developing far smaller circuits. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128009390000164, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128092613000164, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128000014000545, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128151587000044, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081020944000074, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128119686000012, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978185573081650017X, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323375214000029, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128119785000018, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444532145000030, Strain, Pressure, Temperature, Proximity, and Tactile Sensors From Biopolymer Composites, Dual monolithic step-down switching regulator provides 1.6A outputs with reduced EMI and VOUT as low as 0.8V, Principle and Testing Technology of Process Bus in Smart Substations, Technologies of a cooling device for power semiconductor, Wide Bandgap Power Semiconductor Packaging, A Holistic Approach to Becoming a Data-Driven Utility. A premolded plastic lid or housing is attached on top, using an epoxy adhesive to protect the die and wire bonds, and forms a cavity inside the package. These are dual 1.6A step-down monolithic regulators that simplify the lives of system engineers. Finally, charge pump converters (inductorless converters) can step the voltage down or up and can double or invert it. Implantable Electronic Stimula-tion Devices from Head to Sacrum: Imaging Features and Functions Electronic stimulation devices are implanted in various locations in the body to decrease pain, modulate nerve function, or stimulate various end organs. Nevertheless, the large-scale production of electronic devices produces certain unwanted disadvantages like huge amount of e-waste and exhaustion of rare natural elements, such as gallium and indium, to the environment. (2010), and Becerril et al. Then mention how you learned to use it. K.K. These components are basic elements that are used to design electrical and electronic circuits. A premolded plastic package [9]. Apart from taking care of the device, one must maintain an electronic … ADVERTISEMENTS: Electronics : Basic Facts, Role and Functions of Electronic Devices! intelligent electronic device (IED): An intelligent electronic device (IED) is a device that is added to industrial control systems ( ICS ) to enable advanced power automation . electronic device synonyms, electronic device pronunciation, electronic device translation, English dictionary definition of electronic device. It is important to protect electronic devices against heat generated by electric current. Hua (Walker) Bai, in Analog Circuit Design, Volume Three, 2015. Integrating IEDs across the substation and on distribution feeders means properly assigning each data stream to the appropriate communication network and routing those data streams to the control center and/or the enterprise. 1.5. Moreover, the CBM IED should have the ability of SOE self-holding under the device power interruption. “Can and header” transistor package [3]. Electronics depends on certain highly specialised electron devices. A new technique has been developed involving the use of a specially formulated primer105. Radar, which was developed gradually during the 1920s and 1930s, provided the first widespread use of microwaves. It is the responsibility of the EDD developers to identify, which profile has been used within each device details. It was a two-electrode, or diode tube that could detect radio signals. Basic Facts: Electronics and the science of electricity both deal with electric current. Each device is instrumentally invented for a specific purpose. These inventions, in turn, led to the development of new electronic devices. Electronic devices usually include a variety of loads, for example LCD display, memories, microprocessor(s), USB, DSP, hard disk drive(s), etc. The electrical devices use copper and aluminium wires for the flow of electrical current whereas the electronics devices use the semiconductor material. In a system powered by a Li-ion battery, the selection of the most appropriate converter is illustrated in Figure 3.59. Gianfranco Pistoia, in Battery Operated Devices and Systems, 2009. The last two factors are of direct relevance for battery life. Meanwhile, these functions of the CBM IED should also be realized, such as control loop break monitoring, pressure detection, and blocking of tripping and closing. Schemes of buck-boost converters. In 1923, a Russian-born American scientist named Vladimir K. Zworykin combined a photoelectric cell with an electron gun and so made the first successful TV camera tube. The bushing was made of a suitable electrical insulating and moisture-impervious (hermetic) glass material. The CBM IED should be deployed redundant of breakers in the 220 kV and higher-voltage level substation. Any circuit that works with 120 VAC power from an electrical outlet is especially dangerous and could potentially kill you. Historically, linear regulators have been used to power core processors, as they are simple, cheap and require few external components [32, 33]. Laptops/computers are the best electronic devices. The Kovar disc covers were later hermetically sealed by welding. The electronic application is still a hot topic in research and flexible circuit boards fulfill many requirements coming from the fabrication and product life cycle [17–20]. Feature Electronics. But none of these devices worked as well as vacuum tube rectifiers and detectors. The electrical device changes the current into another form of energy like heat, light, etc. Dissipated power loss usually larger than information electronic devices — special packaging and heat sink are necessary. The main driving force for this transition was cost. By combining the three functions in various ways, engineers design electronic equipment that performs many other special functions, such as the high-speed operations of computers. John D. McDonald, in Big Data Application in Power Systems, 2018. Electronics is a potentially dangerous hobby. For example consider the diode, which is an active component. Bharat Electronics Ltd. (BEL), a defence funded organisation, has contributed much to the development of the transistor and television in India. As the voltage required by digital circuits approaches 1 V, the power conversion efficiency of these regulators tends to decrease. (2010) studied the electrochemical glucose sensor using GO functionalized with glucose oxidase after being deposited on an electrode. The team consisted of John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain, and William Shockley. Electronic devices beginning from circuits to LCD/LED displays or solar cells or sensors are indispensable tools of the daily routine of this time [1–3]. Features of Electronics Engineering!! Distribution system integration requires that the utility tie together protection, control, and data acquisition functions using the minimum possible number of platforms, thus reducing capital and O&M costs, physical footprint, and eliminating redundant equipment and databases. The operating voltage of the CBM IED should be in the range of 55% and 70% of the nominal DC voltage, sampling resolution of external switch quantities should be smaller than 1 ms, and the jitter-reduction time should be > 5 ms along with the corresponding operation time being 10 ms. Then, in the early 1940s, a team of American physicists produced the first successful semiconductor diodes. Be the first to answer! A buck-boost converter (Figure 3.57) is a combination of a buck converter followed by a boost converter, where an inductor is shared by both converters. 3. Plastics boxes do not provide any RFI/EMI shielding as they are not conducting. The current from a photoelectric device is usually extremely weak. Premolded packages are most often used for high-pin-count devices or pin-grid arrays that are not amenable to flat lead frames and simple fan-out patterns. It is not necessary to use all of the elements provided by the language. The leads were bent and flattened on top, and the semiconductor device was placed on one flattened lead and wire-bonded to the other two leads. The substantial amount of energy required for recycling was more than the energy utilized for processing a plastic or a metal material [4]. Figure 3.59. Thermodynamics indicates that, “…all energy becomes heat, which is more stable energy and more difficult to use.” As energy efficiency increases, it is impossible to eliminate energy loss in electronic devices. Electronics, branch of physics and electrical engineering that deals with the emission, behaviour, and effects of electrons and with electronic devices.. Electronics encompasses an exceptionally broad range of technology.The term originally was applied to the study of electron behaviour and movement, particularly as observed in the first electron tubes. Image Courtesy : buzzsolutions.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/electronics-appliances-industry.jpg. If the input voltage is always higher than the output, buck or LDO converters are normally the only solution. Transfer molding gained worldwide acceptance as an economical method best suited for mass production. Figure 3.57. Housings are usually of complex shape and so electroless deposition has a role to play for some applications. Let's look at some of the pros and cons of allowing a young child to use a computer or electronic device. When certain materials, such as copper oxide or selenium, are exposed to light, they produce an electric current or allow a current to flow through them. The diode D of the non-synchronous buck converter is replaced by a MOSFET in the synchronous type for achieving higher efficiency at low-output voltage applications (Figure 3.55). They named the invisible rays cathode rays. This is based on the selective application, using conventional masking techniques, of metal loaded lacquer followed by a novel use of electroless deposition. Electronic Components are intended to be connected together, usually by soldering to a Printed Circuit Board ( PCB ), to create an electronic circuit with a particular function ( for example an amplifier, radio receiver, oscillator, wireless ). Electronics treats electric current chiefly as a means of carrying information. Kovar transistor package: (A) top view; (B) side view [2]. Content Filtrations 6. Schemes of boost converters. The adhesion of the metal coating on this polymer is enhanced by a solvent treatment prior to etching in chromic acid solution, as already mentioned, and as recently described by Sricharoenchaikit107. 2 Laptop/Computer. The EDDL is a structured and interpretative language for describing device properties. While plastic packaging offered an economically viable alternative, the military continued using metal and ceramic packages due to higher reliability, ruggedness, and traceability. The EDDL provides a set of language elements for this purpose. SA simply refers to implementing SCADA, alarm processing, and other elements to optimize asset management and operational efficiencies that operate without human intervention. The metal particles in the surface of the lacquer become bonded to the electroless layer, but it is also essential that the particles are well bonded in the lacquer. The electrical devices mainly work on the alternating current whereas the el… Electronic devices are becoming smaller while the power requirements are increasing to satisfy ever more functionality. Currents that carry information are called signals. The next levels include IED implementation, IED integration, and substation automation (SA) applications. An analog signal can have any value within a certain range. Active components are defined as the devices that depend on energy source and can introduce power into a circuit. The header assembly consisted of three parallel conductive lead posts sealed into a button-like header made of premolded plastic encapsulant material such as a phenolic. Over the years, with improvements in encapsulant materials, die passivation, metallization technology, and assembly automation, plastics have dominated the electronics packaging industry. A television set, computer, or other piece of complex electronic equipment may contain anywhere from hundreds to millions of these devices. The transparent electrode GO/rGO has also been used as a hole transport layer in polymer solar cells and LEDs (Saha et al., 2014; Li et al., 2010). He named the mysterious rays X-rays. The main criteria for selecting a material for a perfect sensor are its accuracy, quicker response, inertness toward other environmental factors, and simply conditioned output. The protection function is the primary function of a relay IED, as IEDs are primarily the improvement on the microprocessor-based relays. Fig. In the 2000s, with major advantages in cost, size, weight, performance, and availability, plastic packages attracted > 99% of the market share of worldwide microcircuit sales. The conducting polymers play a major role in the flexible biodegradable polymer electronics having an excellent processability with the electrical conduction. Due to many advantages of semiconductor devices, they are replacing tube devices in many electronic applications. Electronic devices have been packaged in a variety ways. For improving the power conversion efficiency, the synchronous type is normally used in portable power applications. In recent times, medical electronics, and systems for transportation and power utilities have become important segments on their own. Manufacturers began using transistors as amplifiers in hearing aids and pocket-sized radios in the early 1950s. Sensors are placed on t… Since the invention of the Transistor, the world of electronics has always been on an exponential curve in terms of research, development, manufacturing, bringing up new devices and technologies.Electronic Devices are all about handling information i.e. The point-to-point (maximum up to 10) and GOOSE network output interfaces should be configured. In 1897, the British physicist Juseph J. Thomson’s discovery of electrons led to the invention of devices that could control an electron flow, or electric signal, and put it t to work. In 1947, this same team invented the transistor. Various coating methods are used to provide shielding. Transfer molding with bottom-side gating [5]. A novel approach to the problem of wire damage during transfer molding was to use a bottom-side gated process, in which the molding compound entered the cavity from the side opposite to the bond wires and in a motion path parallel to the wires (Fig. We are living in an electronic era where machine robots are capable to do human work with more ease and high efficiency. Switching converters have a higher power conversion (>80%), thus ensuring a longer battery life. COVID-19 and medical IoT device security. Amplifiers must strengthen the current before it can be put to use. It had all the functions of a conventional circuit packed into a semiconductor crystal, 1,000 times smaller than a conventional circuit. At that time, plastic packages were plagued by numerous reliability problems due largely to the poor quality of the encapsulation system. McDonald, Substation automation, IEEE Power Energy Mag. Maintenance is a Must. Buck-boost, charge pump and fly-back can be used when the battery voltage can be either higher or lower than the output voltage. It also has requisite properties like solubility under readily accessible conditions and chemical stability toward dopants. X-rays are also used to scan electron microscopy to obtain a ”picture”. However, a VLDO would pose problems of cost, size and stabilization [32]. Primitive semiconductor devices made of selenium had served as rectifiers as early as 1900. Copyright 10. choice of constructs, number of recursions, and selection of options). This CBM IED should have the functions to exchange the integrated information of transformers and high-voltage shunt reactors. Electronic devices contain lead, phosphors, and other substances that can leak into the soil and cause health problems. Determining SA applications relies on first observing the behavior of data over time (daily, seasonally) and diverse conditions (weather patterns) to arrive at rational, data-based establishment of threshold values that trigger automated responses. Additionally, the CBM IED should be in correspondence with their respective relay protection devices. Transfer molding of a semiconductor chip [4]. TOS 7. It features a 4.5 inch LCD colour screen, a QWERTY keypad, a touch pad and a mouse all of which make it work like a real laptop. Another technique to permit selective deposition has been reported by Gould and Wake106. From the 1920s to the 1950s, knowledge about vacuum tubes made possible such inventions as television, films with sound, radar, and electronic computers. August 10, 2020 . Content Guidelines 2. Selective area plating saves materials and, particularly in the case of housings, may simplify painting. What are the features of electronic devices? Electronic devices are playing a major role in everyday life. They are used in power electronic converters in the form of a matrix of on -off switches, and help to convert Who doesn't love being #1? The preference given to switching regulators based on a higher efficiency was entirely justified for devices with an output power rail of 3.3 V. (Power rail can be defined as the voltage source within the device from which its various functions can draw power.) These regulators drop the difference in voltage between the DC power source for the processor and the battery across a pass transistor operating in the linear region – hence the name linear regulator. Electronic Devices Tips. Electronics comprises the physics, engineering, technology and applications that deal with the emission, flow and control of electrons in vacuum and matter. Electronic, optoelectronic, and photonic devices using inorganic semiconductors, e.g., silicon transistor-based computers, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), devices based on semiconductor lasers, and optical communication devices such as waveguides, have greatly contributed to the arrival of the present information-oriented society. Electronic devices may help to enhance speaking, listening and creative skills. The best-known and most important electronic device is the transistor. Five levels of substation integration and automation. Yuchi Furukawa, Shinobu Yamauchi, in Wide Bandgap Power Semiconductor Packaging, 2018. Analog signals are widely used to represent sounds and pictures because light levels and the frequencies of sound waves can have any value within a given range. Transparent smartphones will exist in the coming days, we can see through them and they may lead to the use of windows or mirrors in our home to be used as PC screens and TV monitors. The EDDL provides a set of scalable basic language elements to handle simple, complex, or modular devices. Examples are the baseband chipsets (1.375 V) and the video processing DSPs (1.2 V). Fig. These act as a … The crystal detectors in early radios were also semiconductors. Better computers again help to improve communication systems, while fast and efficient communications lead to distributed computer networks giving one access to specialised data in a distant computer from one’s workplace itself. These include paints containing metallic particles (frequently nickel), metal spraying, vacuum deposition, sputtering and electroless deposition. Similarly, in a synchronous boost converter, the diode is replaced by a MOSFET (Q2 – see Figure 3.56) for improving power conversion efficiency vs the asynchronous one for limited output voltages. Plastic packages can be premolded or postmolded. One such device is a graphene-based field effect transistor (FET) (Su, 2010; Wang, S. et al., 2010). 1.4), thereby reducing the chances of breaking the delicate wires. Another advantage in the use of a VLDO is represented by its low noise level, this being especially important for digital ICs. But each focuses on a different use of current. X-rays are used in therapeutic treatment also such as to stop the spread of malignant tumours. Electronic devices beginning from circuits to LCD/LED displays or solar cells or sensors are indispensable tools of the daily routine of this time [1–3]. August 17, 2020 . The assembly of lead posts and carrier was then encapsulated with commercially available plastic encapsulant materials such as Dow Chemical Company's epoxy encapsulants. Nowadays advanced nanoparticles especially conducting carbon are used for designing a sensor with small hysteresis, good linearity, and short response time [21–26]. Commonly used DC-DC converters for battery-operated systems can be divided into three categories: (1) linear, for example low drop-out (LDO); (2) conventional switching (with inductor) and (3) inductorless switching. The enterprise comprises the fifth and highest level. Both the LT3506 and the LT3506A have 0.8V high accuracy voltage references. Answer. In the postmolded package, the die is first attached to a lead frame and connected to an I/O fan-out pattern with wire, which is then loaded into a multicavity molding tool and encapsulated in a thermoset molding compound via the transfer-molding process. The dual tripping circuit of the dual CBM IED should be in operation independently. These loads require different operating voltages and currents. The mask was removed, and the upper portion of the mold was then pressed onto the lower portion. Compatible subsets of EDDL are permitted and may be specified using profiles (e.g. However, the new generation of power rails, for example those of cellular phones, work at 1.5 V or less. Various combinations of cell phone and PDA features, depending on the device (for example, not all smart phones offer handwriting-recognition capabilities) A number of different operating systems, including Windows Mobile Pocket PC Phone Edition, the Palm OS, the Blackberry OS for Blackberry smart phones, and the Symbian OS for smart phones from Panasonic, Nokia, Samsung and others. Since the early 1970s, epoxies have taken over as the main encapsulating material. At school, students use computers to complete their assignments. Asked by Wiki User. Much of the electronics packaging research performed today involves developing new smaller, lighter, cheaper, and more reliable plastic packages. An electronic device is a device that accomplishes its purpose electronically. Figure 3.56. The signals may represent sounds, pictures, numbers, letters, or computer instructions. Powdered plastic or preforms were introduced through the cylindrical runner and became molten due to the high temperature of the upper mold portion. The reliability of plastic packages was no longer considered a stumbling block to their widespread application. In this package, the emitter, collector, and base connector leads were inserted through a glass bushing positioned in a Kovar ring or cylindrical housing. (2014), Matyba et al. Electroless deposition can take place directly onto the treated areas without the need for etching and activation. Fig. Most early microelectronic devices were compression-molded, where the molding compound is heated and compressed inside the mold. In the premolding process, a package base is prepared from a premolded plastic (or sometimes a metal substrate). These experiments involved using a gas-discharge tube, that is, a rube from which some of the air had been removed, leaving a thin mixture of gases. Feature Electronics. Make a plan to prepare for this chapter and stick to a Timetable. The cathode rays created these unusual rays when they struck the glass at the end of the tube opposite the cathode. The chip is then placed on the base and connected to an I/O fan-out pattern with wire. They use low-loss components such as capacitors, inductors or transformers, as energy storage elements to transfer energy from input to output in discrete packets (with on/off switches). About 90% of plastic packages are made using postmolding techniques. By 1960, engineers and scientists had succeeded in building an integrated circuit. Communications electronics is a rapidly growing field with much scope for innovation and industrial application. In the last few years, much interest was on the field of bioelectronics for health care and for implantable electronics. The quality of each feature you choose will depend on how you intend to use the device. Nickel and Chromium Plating (Third Edition), Application and Uses of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide, Applications of Graphene and Graphene-Oxide Based Nanomaterials, Lu et al., 2011; Chen et al., 2012; He et al., 2012, Encapsulation Technologies for Electronic Applications (Second Edition). At that time, plastic packages encountered formidable challenges in gaining acceptance for use in government and military applications. An electronic device with two terminals (such as a capacitor) could be described by an equivalent circuit that shows how it does not behave like a perfect capacitor. In 1895, the German physicist Wilhelm Roentgen discovered that the cathode rays could produce an entirely different and unfamiliar kind of ray. Auxiliary CTscan be eliminated in a transformer differential relay, as the new relay has a CT mismatch correction function, as the original primary transformer current… The following points highlight the advantages of electronic communication: 1. Some tools are very easy to use and for that do not give more details about how you learned to use it. One of the first applications was in long-distance telephone lines. In Figures 3.55–3.58, different typologies of switching converters adopted in portable devices are presented. Electricity deals with current mainly as a form of energy that can operate lights, motors, and other equipment. Years, much interest was on the battery ’ s behaviour to or. Is the average quality of the first vacuum tube oscillator called a magnetron factors of. © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors outputs can be taken anywhere and is. Metal ones ( 2008 ) used GO/rGO as a means of carrying information protect these devices satisfy ever functionality. 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