brenner pass world war 2

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Recruiting will contact applicants within 45 days if their qualifications meet our needs. The fighting soon devolved into trench warfare in the northeast and alpine combat in the north. Funding issues have delayed the tunnel's scheduled date of completion from 2022 to 31 December 2025. Skilled in rock and snow climbing, with 15 years experience on the cliffs and snow of N.E., in Wyoming (Grand Tetons ), and Cortina. Physically: somewhat above average endurance; accustomed to living in the open under all conditions; no major operations, illnesses or frailties; 28 years of age. They were dropped at Monte Pala in the foothills of the Alps of northern Italy. Thereafter he could work on whatever opportunities presented themselves. Discover the CIA history, mission, vision and values. It seems to me, who knows nothing about your organization [OSS], that finding an agent with the necessary personal accouterments to go to Cortina [on the southeast approaches to the Brenner Pass] and carry out missions of sabotage, political organization, reconnaissance, or whatever is desired would be difficult. Brenner Pass Flight Log This page from Frank Devereaux's flight log tells of bombing missions in early 1945 aboard B-25 bombers as part of the 380th Bombardment Squadron (310th Bombardment Group), then assigned to keeping closed Brenner Pass, an important … Older, obsolete theories suggested a connection of the name Brenner with the ancient tribe of the Breuni or the Gaulish chieftain Brennus, but since the pass name appears for the first time only in the 14th century, a more recent etymology is far more likely. On June 22, 1944, Steve was pulled out of the demolitions school in Algiers and sent to Caserta, Italy. Today the Brenner Highway, constructed in the early 1970s, is one of the major roads between Austria and Italy. We are lucky to have these letters as part of America's historical legacy. US. There, he met with Company D from the 2677th OSS Regiment, who would help him carry out his mission. In addition to the options below, individuals contact CIA in a variety of creative ways. I feel sure he would not have to search out anti-Nazi elements for laying the plans for continued sabotage: they would come to him. The German word Prenner probably refers to somebody who uses slash-and-burn techniques for land clearing. When the Soviet-German part of World War II broke out, there were about 17,000 Jews in Tarnopol. Expert rifle and pistol shot since 1930—Nat'l Rifle Association and Army. Prepublication Classification Review Board, Freedom of Information Act Electronic Reading Room, Steve was turned over to German S.S. guards at the Bolzana concentration camp, tortured for two weeks, and then hung from the. [1] Prenner was originally the name of a nearby farm, which itself was named after its former owner. As of 2004[update], about 1.8 million trucks crossed the Europa Bridge per year. This co-ordinated attack centered on the Verona-Innsbruck or Brenner pass rail line and was carried out by 57 Bomb Wing and 22 Tactical Air Command of the 12 Air Force and the 15 Air Force. Employment: We do not routinely answer questions about employment beyond the information on this Web site, and we do not routinely answer inquiries about the status of job applications. The most up-to-date CIA news, press releases, information and more. Modernisation of the Brenner Pass started in 1777, when a carriage road was laid out at the behest of Empress Maria Theresa. official you have information for CIA. Trained in mapping, reconnaissance, communications, and similar subjects (am battalion S-2). By war's end it was part of VI Corps' dash across Bavaria into the Alps, reaching Innsbruck, Austria, taking the Brenner Pass, and earning the honor of linking up with the U.S. Italy entered World War I in May 1915, turning on its ex-ally Austria-Hungary. If you have information you think might interest CIA due to our foreign intelligence Your diverse skills. During World War II, Adolf Hitler, leader (Führer) of Nazi Germany, and Benito Mussolini, leader (Duce) of Fascist Italy, met at Brenner Pass to celebrate their Pact of Steel on 18 March 1940. Hitler and Mussolini at Brennero in the Brenner Pass, Italy, 18 Mar 1938, photo 2 of 2: Further Reading. These letters were given to trusted locales--peasants, nuns, and partisans--to be smuggled out of the war zone, or hidden in buried bottles to be found after the war. The OSS posthumously awarded Steve the Legion of Merit — one of the most distinguished military decorations. His father was a successful international businessman and his mother was a doctor. Emperor Frederick Barbarossa made frequent uses of the Brenner Pass to cross the Alps during his imperial expeditions into Italy. I would be willing to do the job—and I think I could. Washington, D.C. 20505. On March 18th 1940 Hitler met the Italian leader Mussolini in his railway carriage in the Brenner Pass, high in the Alps, close to the border between the two countries. The Romans kept control over the mountain pass until the end of their empire in the 5th century.[4]. At the end of World War I in 1918, the control of the Brenner Pass became shared between Italy and Austria under the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919). The Treaty of London (1915) secretly awarded Italy the territories south of the Brenner Pass for supporting the Entente Powers. Read this book using Google Play Books app on your PC, android, iOS devices. At lower altitudes, farmers log pine trees, plant crops and harvest hay for winter fodder. Steve hid out with a local priest while the warden promised to get help. Steve laid out his plan to cripple the Brenner Pass and had no trouble gaining the support of his men. Poignantly, he also wrote moving, thoughtful, sometimes even funny letters to his family, chronicling his mission, his thoughts, and his fears. The never-before-told true story of a small team of American saboteurs with orders to sever the Third Reich's main supply artery — the Brenner Pass Like a scene from Where Eagles Dare, a small team of American special operatives parachutes into Italy under the noses of … During his mission, he wrote several intriguing letters to his superiors describing what was happening in the field and his future plans. In January 1946, the four officers accused of Steve's murder were tried before an American Military Commission in Naples, Italy. Our open-source library houses the thousands of documents, periodicals, maps and reports released to the public. The Brenner Pass was part of the ratlines that were used by some fleeing Nazis after the German surrender in 1945. The Brenner Autobahn was built in the 1950s and 1960s and has since been one of the most important crossings from Central Europe towards Italy and the scourge of numerous German holiday-makers who sat in congestion during the summer holidays. Perhaps he would have to perch on the peak of Antelao nibbling concentrated chocolate until German capitulation. The bridge was so deep in enemy territory that it was unguarded. Mail: Inside the U.S., send mail to the following address: Central Intelligence Agency America’s history is rich with stories about courageous men and women who have gone above and beyond to protect their nation. Because he was in uniform, his murder was a direct violation of the Geneva Convention on prisoners of war. Many of the high pastures are at an altitude of over 1,500 metres (4,900 feet); a small number stand high in the mountains at around 2,000 metres (6,600 feet). It served as the communications and transportation synapse between Italy and Germany. A few weeks later, on January 25, 1945, Steve set off to the north on skis in a blinding snowstorm under orders to blow up the hydroelectric plant at Cortina. The Brenner Assignment: The Untold Story of the Most Daring Spy Mission of World War II - Ebook written by Patrick K. O'Donnell. The story of Office of Strategic Services officer Roderick Stephen Hall and the Brenner Pass assignment is one of the most amazing and inspiring stories. thstrand World War II snapshot of a checkpoint leading to the Brenner Pass with American Soldiers along with the Free French Forces North African and Senegalese Tirailleurs guarding the border crossing, ca: 1945 Camp Adair, Oregon. of your passport, How you got the information you want to share with CIA, How to contact you, including your home address and phone number. After graduating in 1934, Steve traveled the world seeking adventure. During the war, the Brenner Pass was of vital importance to the Axis powers as a supply route to the Mediterranean. Beck Verlag 2001, page 80, principal passes of the Eastern Alpine range, "Italy, Austria seek to calm tensions over Brenner border controls", Galleria di Base del Brennero – Brenner Basistunnel BBT SE – Offline, "BBT wird Realität - Ministerrat gibt grünes Licht - oesterreich.ORF.at", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brenner_Pass&oldid=952565430, Articles with dead external links from June 2016, Articles containing Italian-language text, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2004, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 22 April 2020, at 22:30. Here are my qualifications: Cordially yours, R.S.G. It is one of the principal passes of the Eastern Alpine range and has the lowest altitude among Alpine passes of the area. Jahrhunderts" by Max Spindler, Christoph Bauer, Andreas Kraus, 3rd edition; publisher: C.H. After the signing of the Schengen Agreement in 1992 and Austria's subsequent entry into the European Union in 1995, customs and immigration posts at the Brenner Pass were removed in 1997. The Brenner Assignment by Patrick O’Donnell tells the story of two American agents in World War II who embark on a mission to destroy the crucial German supply line, through the Brenner Pass. Steve also became very familiar with the Italian Alps — in particular, the Brenner Pass — while he hiked, skied and climbed his way through the area. The snow spit and spun and froze the landscape for days on end, a blizzard engulfing Steve and his team. It is one of the most important routes of north–south connections in Europe. Because of safety concerns for the prospective applicant, as well as security and Steve and his team continued the mission along the way to the Brenner Pass by targeting smaller bridges that were important to communications and motor vehicle supply routes. The motorway E45 (European designation; in Italy A22, in Austria the A13), Brenner Autobahn/Autostrada del Brennero, begins in Innsbruck, runs through the Brenner Pass, Bozen/Bolzano, Verona and finishes outside Modena. Snow was falling in the Brenner pass as the Fuehrer’s train rolled to a halt in the town of Brennero, on the Italian side of the border with Germany. The heroic deeds and tragic events that follow make up a compelling story of war that starts off slow, but gets more intriguing as it continues. Preparations for the mission began. The Brenner Pass (German: Brennerpass [ˈbʁɛnɐpas], shortly Brenner; Italian: Passo del Brennero [ˈpasso del ˈbrɛnnero]) is a mountain pass through the Alps which forms the border between Italy and Austria. Hall 2nd Lt. 270 Engr. We do not routinely respond to questions for which answers are found within this Web site. Familiar with the Val Ampezzo, particularly the little-known paths and minor terrain features, from walks and skiing. By postal mail: Central Intelligence Agency Office of Public Affairs Washington, D.C. 20505, Contact the Office of Privacy and Civil Liberties, Contact the Employment Verification Office. However, Austria reinstituted border checks in 2015 as a response to the European migrant crisis. to locate the information you seek. Download for offline reading, highlight, bookmark or take notes while you read The Brenner Assignment: The Untold Story of the Most Daring Spy Mission of World War II. Roderick "Steve" Hall Letters - Documentary History of an Alpine Tragedy during the last convulsions of World War II, A Look Back…The Office of Strategic Services: Operation RYPE, The CIA Museum … Artifacts: Fairbairn-Sykes OSS Stiletto, A Look Back … The Office of Strategic Services: Training in the Forest, The Office of Strategic Services: The Forerunner of Today’s CIA, Employment These obstacles could, of course, be overcome one way or another; but here is my suggestion, based on the premise that the sabotage is more important in the near future than political organization: Drop a man by parachute on the open country between Pocol and the Falzarego Pass and drop enough Army "Mountain Rations" and personal equipment to sustain him indefinitely in the peaks, if necessary. However, the half century that now separates us from that conflict has exacted its toll on our collective knowledge. You'll also find written testimonies by witnesses and fellow officers that were used to convict Steve's Nazi killers during the American Military Commission trials Italy. How good are your survival skills? professional. Steve’s eagerness to learn and take on new projects served him well. ... Truscott now directed IV Corps units to seal the Brenner Pass in the north and destroy the Ligurian Army in the west. The warden instead turned him over to the Fascist police. [9] While the official groundbreaking of the tunnel had taken place in 2006 (with survey tunnels drilled in the same year), substantial work did not begin until 2011. The pass became the border between Italy and Austria after World War I. Da Capo Press, 2009, 320 pp. In the fall of 1943, Steve wrote a letter to officers at the fledgling Office of Strategic Services (OSS) — the predecessor of the CIA — proposing one of the most amazing sabotage missions of World War II. [3] The Brenner Pass, however, was not the first trans-Alpine Roman road to become regularised under the Roman Empire. Photograph of Stanley E. Jones and Lester Stricoff sitting in front of a monument at Brenner Pass… You can also mail a letter to a U.S. Embassy or Consulate and request it be forwarded to CIA. Completion of the railway enabled the Austrians to move their troops more efficiently; the Austrians had hoped to secure their territories of Venetia and Lombardy (south of the Alps), but lost them to Italy following the Second Italian War of Independence in 1859 and Austro-Prussian War in 1866. During World War II, Hitler and Mussolini held three meetings there. Depending on what you provide, we may offer you compensation. The Romans regularised the mountain pass at Brenner, which had already been under frequent use during the prehistoric eras since the most recent Ice Age. Brennero at Italian end of Brenner pass, Italian troops had occupied the pass the day before Italy's surrender. Steve received a letter from the OSS which ordered him to report to Washington, DC. In the six-month period preceding the cessation of hostilities on 2 May 1945, the Air Forces carried out a powerful attack on the enemy's lines of communication. Seventh Army of the 6th Army Group during World War II. Brenner Pass Internet: Send a message here. The Office of Public Affairs (OPA) is the single point of contact for all inquiries about the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). For threats outside the U.S., contact After graduation, Steve was sent to North Africa to work as a demolitions instructor. We go to great lengths to keep these channels secure, but any communication via the internet poses some risk. However, Steve never made it to the Brenner Pass. the information via one of the above methods. communication issues, the CIA Recruitment Center does not accept resumes, nor can we return However, with limited staff and resources, we simply cannot respond to all who write to us. If not, I’ll be saying goodbye and thanks for giving me life. The letters also helped in the prosecution of Steve's killers. The ever-increasing freight and leisure traffic, however, has been causing long traffic jams at busy times even without border enforcements. Via Augusta was completed in 46–47 AD; the route took its course along the Adige valley to the neighbouring Reschen Pass (west of the Brenner Pass), then descended into the Inn valley before rising to Fern Pass towards Augsburg. They had identified Steve after one of his own partisan fighters betrayed him to the Nazis. Testimony during the trial of Steve Hall's murder. Because he was in uniform, his murder was a direct violation of the Geneva Convention on prisoners of war. During World War II, German Führer Adolf Hitler and Italian Duce Benito Mussolini met at the Brenner Pass to celebrate their Pact of Steel on 18 March 1940. A long carriage road was built c.1772, and the railroad was completed in 1867. He hoped to lie low until the end of the war. Brenner Pass WWII on May 11, 1945 in Italy Get premium, high resolution news photos at Getty Images Associated Press Photo - 6-5/8” x 8-1/2” ABOUT US [8], In order to ease the road traffic, there are plans to upgrade the Brenner Railway from Verona to Innsbruck with a series of tunnels, including the Brenner Base Tunnel underneath Brenner. After the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, the United States entered the Second World War. During the High Middle Ages, Brenner Pass was a part of the important Via Imperii, an imperial road linking the Kingdom of Germany north of the Alps with the Italian March of Verona. After the war, an Italian doctor who was also a prisoner at the concentration camp admitted to having signed a death certificate for ". "THE BRENNER ASSIGNMENT: The Untold Story of the Most Daring Spy Mission of World War II," by Patrick K. O'Donnell, Da Capo Press, 286 pages, $25 Your talent. Third Party: Have someone you trust travel to a less restrictive environment and deliver Our mission. The first causality of the snows were Steve’s feet: both were practically frozen solid. Search WW2DB & Partner Sites. Description. February 20, 1945. If you know of an imminent threat to a location inside the U.S., immediately contact The Europabrücke (Europe Bridge), located roughly halfway between Innsbruck and the Brenner Pass, is a large concrete bridge carrying the six-lane Brenner Autobahn over the valley of Sill River (Wipptal). In December 69 more guns were moved into the Brenner Pass by the Germans, making a total of 435. Italian troops arrived at Brenner Pass in 1919. Office. The farm of a certain Prennerius is mentioned in documents in 1288, a certain Chunradus Prenner de Mittenwalde is mentioned in 1299. provide, including your identity, and our interactions with you will be respectful and Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini meet at the Brenner Pass. The sun was barely over the horizon the next morning when a game warden found Steve, his feet so frozen and swollen that he couldn't escape. Even if he was a European, he would encounter official questioning at every turn now, with danger of exposure each time. One was sentenced to life imprisonment and three were hanged. daily. A long carriage road was built c.1772, and the railroad was completed in 1867. The Brenner Pass is the only major mountain pass within the area; other nearby alternatives are footpaths across higher mountains at an altitude of above 2,000 metres (6,600 feet). As a result, air and noise pollution have generated heavy debate in regional and European politics. He impressed his superiors and quickly rose to the rank of second lieutenant. Using thousands of recently declassified files, personal interviews, and private documents, including a behind-the-lines diary buried in a bottle, military historian Patrick K. O'Donnell has written a cinematic World War II adventure story. The records were also used as evidence to help convict Steve's killers of murder. The German Army was retreating from Italy through the Pass into Austria. They were able to locate Steve’s grave with that information and give him a proper military burial. collection mission, there are many ways to reach us. The matter of tracks in the snow is of no consequence; paths and brooks could cover his movements, and he could always take to the mountain rock. They are an invaluable and priceless testament to Steve's heroism and dedication to the country he loved. best method depends on your personal situation. There, he learned hand-to-hand combat, sabotage techniques, demolitions, and guerrilla warfare tactics. We will work to protect all information you The first Roman road to cross the Alpine range, Via Claudia Augusta, connected Verona in northern Italy with Augusta Vindelicorum (modern-day Augsburg) in the Roman province of Raetia. Steve survived for six months in the Italian and Austrian Alps while planning sabotage missions targeting Nazi supply routes. news, press releases, information and more. Steve was a prolific letter writer, never short for words. Office of Public Affairs The Roman road that physically crossed over the Brenner Pass did not exist until the 2nd century AD. phone calls, e-mails or other forms of communication, from US citizens living outside of the I’ve made mistakes and haven’t got very far as standards usually go, but no one can say I haven’t done a lot of things with that life, or enjoyed it.” ~ Captain Steve Hall, in the last letter to his father. “But hell knows if we’ll ever get this mission through…. Please know, CIA does not engage in law enforcement. Steve was sent back to Algiers for a crash course in parachuting. Drop TNT and a tool kit. A much publicized meeting between right-wing dictators, Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini, took place this week in the war, on Monday 18 March. During the war, the Brenner Pass was of vital importance to the Axis powers as a supply route to the Mediterranean. CIA or go to a U.S. Embassy or Consulate and ask for the information to be passed to a His idea caught the attention of the Special Operations (SO) branch of the OSS, which was responsible for sabotage, guerrilla warfare, and other subversive activities. Today the Brenner Highway, constructed in the early 1970s, is one of the major roads between Austria and Italy. Steve did not think his letter would get any attention, but he was in for the surprise of a lifetime. The German’s attempted to cover-up his murder by making it look like a suicide. I believe one could get away with it, if the jump was made in the early dawn when mist rises profusely over the terrain, or through a snow fall. As a young man, Steve attended Phillips Academy Andover. World War II was the largest and most violent armed conflict in the history of mankind. The central section of the Brenner Pass covers a four-lane motorway and railway tracks connecting Bozen/Bolzano in the south and Innsbruck to the north. On the night of August 2, 1944, Steve and his team were finally ready to begin the mission. This man, if he was a good rock and snow climber, and skier, would have no trouble in moving about the valley unnoticed even in the daytime. [At the Brenner Pass] Side: 2 of 2 1 photograph : b&w ; 9 x 6 cm. After 10 years of adventure, Steve decided to use his survival skills and knowledge of the Brenner Pass to help his country. In the carolingian Divisio Regnorum of 806 the Brenner region is called per alpes Noricas, the transit through the Noric Alps. To hear from Steve in his own words, read some of his original letters published in CIA's Studies in Intelligence. Following World War I, the border between Austria and Italy came to lie on the Brenner pass. It became the first trans-Alpine railway without a major tunnel and at high altitude (crossing the Brenner Pass at 1,371 m). It is a site where bungee-jumping from the bridge has become a popular tourist attraction. The pass became the border between Italy and Austria after World War I. On 2 August 1944, in the dark, silent skies over the jagged Alps of northern Italy, Capt Stephen Hall, a daring young American special forces operative, parachutes into Nazi territory. In April 2016, Austria announced it would build a 370-meter long fence at the Pass but clarify that "it would be used only to "channel" people and was not a barrier.[7]". We read every letter, fax, or e-mail we receive, and we will convey your comments to CIA officials outside OPA as appropriate. 1943 World War II Italian End of Brenner Pass Original News Service Photo. [At the Brenner Pass] One of 15 photographs in the series: Lester Stricoff Collection available on this site. Steve’s plan was to cut off access to the smaller mountain roads that led to the Brenner Pass. The pass belonged to a part of the ratlines for some Nazis after the German surrender in 1945 Learn more about Career Opportunities at CIA. Please note we have no control over the security and reliability of postal mail. In-Person: Outside the U.S., go to a U.S. Embassy or Consulate and inform a U.S. During World War II, Hitler and Mussolini held three meetings there. The Brenner Assignment: The Untold Story of the Most Daring Spy Mission of World War II - Kindle edition by O'Donnell, Patrick K.. Download it once and read it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. He never made it. Two days after the Nazis entered, a pogrom began. Thousands of Nazi troops who refused to surrender were on-the-run, being chased down and cut off by Italian Resistance fighters and the U.S. Army. It has a population of 400 to 600 (as of 2011[update]). A name for the pass itself appears for the first time in 1328 as ob dem Prenner (German for above the Prenner).[2]. After a brief orientation at the OSS headquarters, Steve was sent to a nearby base for training. Dairy cattle graze in alpine pastures throughout the summer in valleys beneath the pass and on the mountains above it. Today the Brenner Highway, constructed in the early 1970s, is one of the major roads between Austria and Italy. Modernisation further took place under the Austrian Empire and the Brenner Railway, which was completed in stages from 1853 to 1867. Verification Office, Roderick Stephen Hall: The Saboteur of Brenner Pass. Of course, the problem of how he would get out and save his own skin is all a matter of chance and circumstance. Only Franco was missing from the mix. [5] Since the 12th century, the Brenner Pass was controlled by the Counts of Tyrol within the Holy Roman Empire. People from nearly every country share information with CIA, and new individuals contact us The village of Brenner consists of an outlet shopping centre (supermarkets and stores), fruit stores, restaurants, cafés, hotels and a gas station. Roderick Stephen “Steve” Hall was born in Peking, China, in 1915. Please check our site map, search feature, or our site navigation on the left The pass became the border between Italy and Austria after World War I. When you return permanently to the US (not on vacation or leave), please visit the, To verify an employee's employment, please contact the, Biographic details, such as a photograph of yourself, and a copy of the biographic page your local law enforcement or FBI Field Steve placed a charge on the bridge and so heavily damaged the structure that it could not support heavy loads. We reply first to messages of greater interest The Alamanni (Germanic tribe) crossed the Brenner Pass southward into modern-day Italy in 268 AD, but they were stopped in November of that year at the Battle of Lake Benacus. In valleys beneath the Pass became the border between Italy and Austria during the War OSS. 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Limited food and supplies you can send us a message using the browser., mission, he wrote several intriguing letters to his superiors and quickly rose to the mountain... German capitulation, or our site navigation on the bridge was so deep in enemy territory that was!, iOS devices would be willing to do the job—and I think I.... Service photo meet our needs a device not registered to you can also mail letter... Of Empress Maria Theresa Caserta, Italy the Noric Alps Office of public Affairs Washington, D.C..... One of the Brenner Pass Original News Service photo to 600 ( as of 2011 [ update ] ) winter! Orientation at the behest of Empress Maria Theresa reliability of postal mail not exist until the end of the roads! Roads that led to the rank of Second lieutenant send us a message using the Tor browser ciadotgov4sjwlzihbbgxnqg3xiyrg7so2r2o3lt5wz5ypk4sxyjstad.onion! Times even without border enforcements by making it look like a suicide surrender in 1945 every message a! 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East, following the retreating Russian Army and thanks for giving me life situation: unmarried.... Trouble gaining the support of his Original letters published in CIA 's Studies in Intelligence knowledge of 6th. Bridge per year American military Commission in Naples, Italy to life imprisonment and three were hanged new projects him! The European migrant crisis thanks for giving me life browser, a certain Prennerius is mentioned in 1299 Alps his... There, he became an avid outdoorsman presented themselves priceless testament to Steve 's heroism dedication.

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