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The impacts of predator loss and climate change are combining to devastate living reefs that have defined Alaskan kelp forests for centuries, according to new research published in Science. Amira F. Ainis, Using sea urchin remains to infer the health of kelp forest ecosystems in the past: Identification, quantification, and allometric reconstructions of harvested sea urchin ( Strongylocentrotus spp.) Pristine state (prior to Kelp forest Kelp forest Kelp forest human contact) Scale (patch size) 100– 500 km 2 (Johnson & Mann 200– 1000 km 2 (Estes et al . Population sizes of many of these species (including some that are commercially important food species) depend on the success of kelp … Like trees in a forest, these giant algae provide food and shelter for many organisms. Instead of sending roots into the soil, kelp holdfasts attach to submerged rocks. However it has been repeatedly observed that some species, usually the apex predators in the ecosystem’s food web, are effective at controlling sea urchin populations and thus allow kelp forests to grow and expand. Alaskan Kelp Forest. These luminous, bright-red, rocky reefs that lie on the Alaskan seafloor form the very foundation of its kelp forest ecosystem, and like much life in the ocean they’re also threatened by ocean acidification. In Southern California, kelp forests persist without sea otters and the control of herbivorous urchins is instead mediated by a suite of predators including lobsters and large fishes, such as the California sheephead. Trophic interactions intrinsic and extrinsic to Giant Alaskan Kelp Forests (from Estes et al. In Alaskan kelp forest ecosystems, sea otters are the keystone species that mediates this trophic cascade. When they discovered Sea otters off California in the thirties it was like they discovered dinosaurs, because they thought they were extinct. The uppermost layer of the kelp forest is called the canopy. In the eastern Pacific ocean, they occur from Alaska and Canada to the waters of Baja California in the northern hemisphere, and along the southern coast of Chile in the southern hemisphere. Sea otters like sea urchins - a lot - which is a good thing because they can keep the urchin population under control, thus helping to preserve the kelp forests. “It's very much like being in a forest under water. They progress through seasonal cycles. Abiotic factors are all the factors in an ecosystem that aren't living. Kelp Forests - A Description. Current speed inside a forest is greatly reduced due to the drag created by the plants. An urchin barren is considered to be an “alternative stable state” to the kelp forest ecosystem and is almost invincibly resistant to change. Over hunting of sea otters has endangered the entire kelp forest ecosystem. Kelp forests provide food and shelter for large numbers of fish and shellfish. Coral reefs and kelp forests in Alaska have been left vulnerable to climate change and sea urchin predation in the absence of the Aleutian sea otter. Deterioration of the kelp itself results in the loss of physical ecosystem structure and subsequently, the loss of other species associated with this habitat. Kelp forests are able to form on top of rocky reefs where few other plants can grow because of their unique holdfast system. Disturbance regimes, competition, and predation are key processes that influence kelp forest ecosystem dynamics. In Alaska, sea otters are part of a diverse kelp forest marine ecosystem. Scientists have known about these kelp forest community interactions since the 1970s. Study.Com Member forest ecosystem and is almost invincibly resistant to change in an ecosystem are... 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